Optimize Student Performance with Universal Design for Learning

Universal Design for Learning (UDL) recognizes that variability exists in student populations along many spectra, and guides the design of learning experiences that present as few barriers to success as possible. For background on the concept of Universal Design for Learning, see the Teaching Resources Page: Reaching All Students with Universal Design for Learning.

This article addresses one of the UDL Guidelines from CAST.org, the leading proponent of UDL. The guideline covered by this article is “Multiple Means of Action and Expression.”

UDL and performance

Using UDL to optimize performance targets “how” of learning and assesses whether there are artifacts of an assignment tasks or peripheral skills and tasks that have nothing to do with the learning objective of the course that might get in their way. Many of the potential barriers to student performance can be categorized into four areas:

1. Barriers related to physical abilities
2. Barriers related to neurotype
3. Barriers related to peripheral knowledge and skill
4. Barriers related to executive function

Reducing barriers related to physical abilities

In the cartoon above, a crow, a monkey, a penguin, an elephant, a goldfish, a seal, and a dog are lined up in front of a tree, facing their teacher. The teacher has asked all the animals to demonstrate their physical strength through one means – by climbing a tree. He figures that it’s only fair that they get the same test. Clearly, some of these animals are not going to be able to complete this task, and it has nothing to do with their strength. Other barriers exist that are will cause them to be unsuccessful.

How might this illustration apply to a college course other than health and exercise science? Consider an online drag-and-drop quiz or activity. A student who knows which items to drag and drop where might struggle for other reasons…maybe they don’t have full use of their hand, arm or wrist, have a sensory disability, lack speed or dexterity, or cannot use a mouse. Much the like the animals in this cartoon, this student’s performance would not demonstrate what they know because there are extraneous physical barriers to completing the task.

A course designed with UDL would offer multiple means of action and expression, so students would have other ways to demonstrate their knowledge that might work for them. If one given task presents barriers for them, students would be able to select a different task that does not.

On a related note, a course design following UDL principles would have assessment materials that are fully compatible with assistive technology. Images used in assessments and assignments must be of high resolution so they are clear and students with low vision can zoom-in on them if needed. All must include captions or transcripts. See the Quick Couse Content Checklist to examine the basics of making sure your assessments follow standards of digital accessibility.

Reducing barriers related to neurotype

Demographic data from the Disability Resources Office show that a majority of registered disabilities have to do with brain or mental functioning, including ADD, ADHD, mental health, neurological, learning disabilities, brain injury, and autism spectrum disorder. Indeed, the most requested and granted disability accommodation across NC State is more time to complete assignments and tests. Even learners without a disability have off days where they are mentally sluggish or foggy. Either permanent or temporary brain functioning can affect one’s performance at a given time, and certain conditions can worsen these effects. Does succeeding in your discipline require completing tasks perfectly the first time, quickly, and on demand? Or does this expectation create an artificial barrier to success?

Consider a course where the achievement of a learning objective is measured through a multiple choice exam administered during one scheduled class period and for which no partial credit is awarded. A student who knows the content might struggle due to the time constraint, anxiety caused by the pressure of a high stakes exam, or having to sit still and quiet for a long period of time. Some students might wake up that having not have slept well, feeling under the weather, suffering from food insecurity or hunger, or having come off of a long shift at work. Additionally, for a multiple choice exam, a student who can perform each task at 80% will still receive 0 points if no partial credit is given.

In this way, this exam might actually be testing whether “At any given time, regardless of your level of fatigue, hunger, or overall well-being, can you….” Barriers may be removed through UDL by

• Removing time or scheduling constraints
• Lowering stakes for a given assessment, perhaps by offering partial credit or the opportunity to retake it
• Encouraging stretch breaks or otherwise provide flexibility in the exam setting
• Creating alternative assessments that allow for demonstration of knowledge in other ways
  • DELTA News Article: Alternative Assessment Resources for Teaching and Learning Online
  • DELTA News Article: Meet them where they are: Creative alternative assessments

Removing barriers related to outside knowledge and skills

Consider an example in a geology course in which students are expected to be able to list, in order, the layers of the Earth and describe their characteristics. An instructor wants to make the test interesting, so asks every student to demonstrate their knowledge by writing a story that describes a journey into the center of the earth, listing and describing the layers as they go. Assuming a student knows the content, to complete this task well, a student must also

• Not struggle with writing a story, specifically in English
• Know how to construct a fictional story
• Master grammatical and spelling conventions

If the instructor has not specifically taught storytelling or writing, these skills are not aligned with the learning objective nor the instruction in the course, and may pose barriers to some students. It is laudable to try to motivate students and create assessments that are more interesting for them to complete (for more on this topic, see the Teaching Resources article entitled Boost Motivation with UDL), but a course designed with UDL would offer students multiple options to choose from.

Above is a possible rubric for evaluating whether a student has mastered this learning objective regardless of how they show this – whether through a story, a speech, an infographic, or a model. Note that the rubric evaluates achievement of the learning objective only and also provides choice and flexibility for how that achievement is expressed. For more information on creating and using rubrics see the DELTA Teaching Resources article “Rubric Best Practices, Examples, and Templates.”

Another way to ensure that successful completion of an assessment does not depend on knowledge not taught in the course is to monitor the language used in the assessment for acronyms, jargon and culturally-based idioms or figures of speech that might not be familiar to students of all backgrounds and levels of expertise. For more on this topic, see the Maximizing Comprehension section of the Teaching Resources Article entitled Elevate Your Content with UDL.

Supporting executive function

One skill that is necessary for optimal performance but that is not fully developed in all college-aged students is executive function. According to a Psychology Today article “Executive function describes a set of cognitive processes and mental skills that help an individual plan, monitor, and successfully execute their goals.” The article goes on to note that much of this functioning relies on the prefrontal cortex region of the brain, and these skills are still developing in college-aged adults. Notably, development of these skills can be more difficult in individuals with some genetic factors as well as childhood trauma. (Psychology Today, n.d.)

Consider the planning, monitoring and reflecting necessary to succeed on a set of exams in a course. A student must create a plan to prepare for the exam, monitor how well following that plan is preparing them and adjusting as needed, and reflecting on their performance and feedback received to create a perhaps better plan the next time around. Students who have not had the opportunity to practice and hone these skills or whose executive functioning development is incomplete may not perform well in college even if they have the ability to learn the content. Providing some coaching to these students may optimize their performance.

One possible tool to use is some version of a Pre-Exam Planner. This example planner could be copied and modified to fit the needs of your course – it does not need to contain all of the elements presented in this example. The basic idea is to coach students to reflect on their engagement with the material up to the time of the exam, set goals for preparation and performance, review the task at hand and create a plan to prepare, and monitor how their preparation is going. Just prior to the exam, students can reflect on the process and state how they expect to perform.

After the exam, a Post-Exam Analysis and Reflection exercise can help students recall how their preparation went, analyze their mistakes and consider how they might adjust their engagement and learning strategies for the next exam.

References and Resources

• CAST (2018). Universal Design for Learning Guidelines version 3.0. Retrieved from http://udlguidelines.cast.org
• Psychology Today, (n.d.) Executive Function. Retrieved Feb 22, 2023.
• UDL Tips for Assessment from CAST